Published: March 2025
Authors: Spotlight on Corruption
This report was prepared by Spotlight on Corruption based on academic research by Dr Tena Prelec, Professor Robert Barrington, Georgia Garrod and Pepe Tonin.
This research is part of the Governance & Integrity Anti-Corruption Evidence (GI ACE) programme which generates actionable evidence that policymakers, practitioners and advocates can use to design and implement more effective anti-corruption initiatives. GI ACE is funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the UK Government’s official policies.